The report of the 19th Party Congress pointed out in the section “Implementing New Development Concepts and Building a Modern Economic Systemâ€, “Accelerating the construction of manufacturing powers and accelerating the development of advanced manufacturing industries†and “Promoting China's industries to move toward the mid-to-high end of the global value chain and nurturing several world-class Advanced Manufacturing Cluster." General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in his research in Jilin in 2015 that the Northeast region “should make the equipment manufacturing industry bigger and stronger†and emphasized “strategic emerging industries and traditional manufacturing†when deliberating at the Liaoning Delegation to the Fifth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress. Keep pace." It should be recognized that as the old industrial base of China, the northeast region must promote the overall revitalization and development. It is necessary to regard the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry as a major task in building a modern economic system.
Comparative advantages and important opportunities determine the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry should be the focus of the rejuvenation of the Northeast
Should we take the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry as the key to the revitalization of Northeast China? This is a directional issue that affects the long-term development of the Northeast region. The key to answer this question is to look at two aspects: First, does Northeastern manufacturing still have certain comparative advantages? Second, is there an important opportunity for the development of Northeast manufacturing?
First, the manufacturing industry is still a comparative advantage in the Northeast. First, the northeast region has a relatively complete system of equipment manufacturing. Northeast China has a good base for equipment manufacturing, and is an industrial base for major equipment such as metallurgical mines, CNC machine tools, heavy machinery, motion control systems, rail transportation, automobiles and parts, aviation and engines, and offshore engineering in China. Taking 2015 as an example, the total output value of Liaoning's equipment manufacturing industry accounted for 32.5% of the total industrial output value, and the total profit of equipment manufacturing industry accounted for 49.5%. The equipment manufacturing industry is a traditional industry in the northeast region, and it is also an advantageous industry. Its R&D and manufacturing capabilities for complete sets of equipment products rank at the leading level in the country, and heavy equipment products still have an irreplaceable position in China. At the same time, the northeast region has many core production technologies, such as CNC machine tools of Shenyang Machine Tool, digital medical equipment of Neusoft Group, and large-scale power generation equipment of the Harbin Electric Power Group, all reaching the leading domestic or international advanced level. Second, the foundation of science and education is better. The northeastern region is not only rich in traditional industrial bases, but also has a large number of universities, research institutions, and scientific and technological personnel. In the northeast region, the number of professional and technical personnel per 10,000 people is higher than the national average. Taking Liaoning as an example, the province has 256,000 scientific and technological personnel and 144 colleges and universities. The cumulative effect of long-term investment in human capital will provide an important intellectual base for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing in Northeast China.
Second, the general trend of global manufacturing transformation and upgrading has brought important opportunities for Northeast manufacturing. First, China's economic transformation and upgrading are directly integrated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which quickly promotes the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and manufacturing. The new round of information technology revolution represented by “Dazhiyun Moving Object†has led to the emergence of new industrial technologies such as new energy, new materials, and intelligent manufacturing. These emerging technology promotion industries have continuously integrated innovation and brought about major adjustments in the global industrial structure. This is a new trend facing Northeast manufacturing. Second, the rapid development of China's digital economy has provided technical support for the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries and the development of new types of manufacturing industries. For example, in recent years, China’s digital economy has achieved major innovations in various fields and has become a leader in the global digital economy. Ten years ago, the amount of e-commerce transactions in China was less than 1% of the global total. Today, it accounts for more than 40% of the total, exceeding the sum of five countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France and Germany. The new round of scientific and technological revolution has constantly led to the emergence of new industries. A considerable number of emerging industries are directly related to high-end service industries. This is a realistic opportunity for the development of Northeast manufacturing. Third, the service-oriented manufacturing industry will promote the innovation and development of the manufacturing industry, which provides an important opportunity for exerting the talent advantages of Northeast manufacturing. With advances in science and technology, the boundaries between industry and industry, industry and industry are becoming increasingly blurred. The industrial revolution will combine new technologies with old industries to create new industries and jobs. Enterprises will no longer be a single product offering. Instead, it is a product-centric value-added service extension and an integrated service provider. This shows that the future of industrial development is not so much the competition of manufacturing as the R&D and related services behind the manufacturing industry. The interaction between manufacturing and modern service industries should be the direction of the transformation and development of manufacturing in the Northeast.
Inadequate competitiveness, irrational structure, and low degree of marketization constitute the shortcomings of the Northeast manufacturing industry.
It should be acknowledged that due to the relative lag in economic transition, the advantages of manufacturing in the Northeast have not been fully realized, and the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry are facing severe challenges. This has also increased the pressure of economic growth in the Northeast. Under this circumstance, the key to the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry lies in the objective analysis of the outstanding contradictions faced by the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries, and based on this as a basis, find a solution to the problem.
The challenge of insufficient manufacturing competitiveness. First, the ability of industrial enterprises to innovate has declined. Taking 2016 as an example, the proportion of R&D expenditure in the northeast region to GDP is 1.27%, of which Liaoning is 1.69%, which is lower than the national average of 2.11%. According to the amount of patent grants, the number of patents per ten thousand people in Northeast China in 2016 was 4.87, of which Liaoning was 5.73, which was lower than the national average of 12.69. Second, economies of scale have not been fully realized. The general laws of economic development show that the specialization of industrial production and large social production can bring cluster effects to the manufacturing industry, thereby reducing production costs, saving resources, and achieving economies of scale. Due to the over-reliance on resource advantages and inadequate supply of supporting services, due to the over-development, the northeastern manufacturing industry has a low degree of specialization in production and industrial development is relatively decentralized. No real industrial clusters have yet been formed, and economies of scale have not been fully realized.
Unreasonable challenges in the manufacturing structure. First, the lag in the development of producer services is an important shortcoming in the transformation and upgrading of Northeast manufacturing. The main constraint on the development of northeastern manufacturing is the structural problem, that is, the product structure, industrial structure, technical structure, and economic development have a lot of needs to adapt to the new normal. At present, the proportion of producer services in the three northeastern provinces accounts for 35% to 40% of the service industry, which is about 5 to 10% lower than the national average. The development of the producer service industry lags behind and cannot form an effective interaction with the manufacturing industry, which seriously restricts the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. Second, the industrial chain is shorter and the added value of products is lower. At present, the vast majority of manufacturing enterprises in Northeast China are engaged in processing and assembly. They mainly focus on low value-added products such as raw materials and junior-intermediate grades. The industry chain is short and intensive processing is lagging behind. In addition, the manufacturing technology supporting system is not perfect. While the Northeast manufacturing industry continuously imports a large amount of raw materials and other low-value-added products to the market, it continues to import high value-added necessities, and the “low-high-going†trade process not only reduces the profit margin of the Northeast manufacturing industry, but also further weakens the company’s technological innovation capabilities. .
The low degree of marketization of the manufacturing industry is a challenge. First, the development of private economy is lagging behind. Of the 500 largest Chinese private enterprises in 2017 issued by the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, only nine were in Northeast China, accounting for 1.8% of the total. Second, the degree of industrial openness is low. Take industry as an example. In 2016, the total assets of state-owned and state-controlled industrial companies nationwide was 38.5%, and the average value of Northeast China was 53.2%. The degree of opening up to private economy did not reach the national average. Third, the degree of openness to the outside world is low. In 2016, the Northeastern provinces’ foreign trade dependence was 16.4%, which is half of the national average. The total import and export volume of the three northeastern provinces only accounted for 3.5% of the country's total. There is still much room for growth in foreign trade.
Deepen the Comprehensive Reform in the Reform and Promote the Transformation and Upgrade of Manufacturing Industry in Northeast China
The report of the 19th National Congress clearly stated that it is necessary to "deepen reforms and accelerate the rejuvenation of the old industrial bases in the northeast." The outstanding contradictions and problems faced by the revitalization and development of Northeast China are rooted in the fact that the transformation reforms in the Northeast have lags behind in recent years, and the degree of marketization is still a certain distance from developed regions. This requires the transformation and upgrade of the manufacturing industry as the important goals, accelerate the process of transformation and reform, accelerate the process of opening up to the outside world, and thus create a major environment for Northeast economic transformation and upgrading.
To guide the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries by developing a new economy. First, create a relaxed environment for the development of the new economy. With the supply-side structural reform as the main line, efforts will be made to promote reforms in areas such as the administrative management system, the financial system, and the scientific research management system, so as to promote more intellectual achievements into technical achievements and industrial achievements, and eliminate obstacles to innovation mechanisms, reasonable flow of resources, and obstacles in allocation. It will enable talents, land, capital and other resource elements to gather in the new economy, make the allocation of various factors of production more convenient and efficient, create a relaxed environment for the development of new industries, new forms of business, and new models, and actively implement the “Internet Plus†initiative. Second, improve the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements. Guide, encourage and support domestic and foreign technology transfer enterprises to participate in the construction of science and technology markets in Northeast China, and gradually cultivate and form a number of large-scale technology service enterprises that integrate technology transfer, intellectual property management and investment functions, and implement specialized management and marketization. We will vigorously promote the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements, strengthen the construction of platform carriers, fill in the middle ground for the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, and achieve more transformation of scientific and technological achievements. At the same time, we will increase the subsidy for the talents to settle in the northeast. Third, strengthen cooperation and innovation in all aspects of the industry chain. Encourage the establishment of technological innovation service platforms involving enterprises, institutions of higher education and research institutes, and public finance participation; Encourage qualified companies to undertake or participate in the construction of national key laboratories, engineering laboratories, engineering centers, and pilot and technology transfer platforms, encouraging The enterprise undertakes national and local scientific and technological plan projects.
To improve the economic and social environment for the healthy development of private economy as soon as possible. Through the arrangement of property rights system, it is necessary to stabilize the expectations of private enterprises, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, and better stimulate the vitality and creativity of private enterprises; optimize the development environment for private enterprises, reduce the cost of private enterprises in the real economy, and enhance profitability; stimulate private entrepreneurship and protect their property rights in accordance with the law. And innovation benefits. In the long run, the private economy in Northeast China has great potential for development and will become an important force for the revitalization of Northeast China.
Deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises, and strengthen and optimize state-owned capital. The report of the Nineteenth Congress pointed out: "Promoting state-owned capital to be stronger and bigger." This is the extension and promotion of the transformation from "management of enterprises" to "management of capital" proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Party Central Committee. Deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises is the highlight of the revitalization of the northeast, affecting the overall situation of reform in Northeast China, and is also an important support for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries in Northeast China. The first is to improve the management of state-owned enterprises in accordance with the division of public welfare and commercial categories, and in particular to liberalize and open a large number of state-owned enterprises in the field of competition. Second, through the mixed ownership reforms, we must effectively solve the problem of the dominance of state-owned shares and the management of state-owned enterprises. The third is to explore a new type of state-owned economic management system and to focus on the effective supervision of state-owned assets based on “management of capitalâ€. The fourth is to further improve the corporate legal person governance structure and improve the effectiveness of governance.
To expand the opening up to enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. The construction of “One Belt and One Road†has a clear orientation to Northeast China, which is “an important window for the opening of construction to the northâ€. With the advancement of the "Belt and Road Initiative," the process of interconnecting and interoperating infrastructures in Northeast China and Northeast Asia will accelerate. In addition, the economic cooperation between China, Japan and South Korea has seen an important turn for the better. It is necessary to seize this opportunity to strengthen the economic and trade cooperation between Northeast China, Russia and Northeast Asia, and promote in-depth cooperation in such fields as equipment manufacturing, engineering services, tourism, and agriculture.
Increase the support of the central government policy. What is more important is that the Northeastern region should take the initiative and not rely on it to accelerate the transformation of government functions. Whether it is the formation of an innovative and entrepreneurial environment or the formation of a good business environment, it is necessary to increase the government's own reform efforts. It is necessary to provide maximum support for innovation and entrepreneurship from the aspects of finance, taxation, finance, and services by comprehensively deepening reforms, simplifying administration, and delegating power, so that the old industrial bases in Northeast China can truly become a fertile land for innovation and entrepreneurship.
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