At present, the production, sale and recycling of waste electrical appliances within the EU mainly rely on two guiding laws, namely the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS). The two decrees were published by the European Commission on February 13, 2003 in the form of an official gazette. During the 18-month grace period, EU member states have successively converted the above-mentioned decrees into laws and regulations of their respective countries and entered into force.
The core content of the WEEE Act is that electrical products must be designed and manufactured with various factors of reuse and environmental protection in mind; waste electrical appliances should be collected separately from other daily wastes and implemented with special procedures; electrical manufacturers or specialized agencies The recovery system is established on a separate or centralized basis, and the recovery rate and recycling rate of various products should gradually reach 80% or more; the waste of electrical equipment waste recycling and disposal is mainly borne by the producer; the discarded electrical products sold before the implementation of the law The collection cost of the goods is shared by the manufacturer according to the market share; the member states will ensure that by the end of 2006, each private household will receive an annual average of not less than 4 kg of waste electrical equipment.
The main requirement of the RoHS Directive is that Member States must ensure that, in the design and production of electrical equipment, the measures to restrict or prohibit the inclusion of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium and polybromine before the commencement of the Act on July 1, 2006. A total of six hazardous substances in diphenyl ether and polybrominated biphenyls are on the market. After the decree comes into force, EU member states must strictly abide by EU legislative rules to prevent the use of these toxic substances in the manufacture of electrical equipment.
According to the above-mentioned laws and regulations, EU member states not only adopt different methods to ensure the recycling and reuse of used electrical appliances, but all enterprises or companies engaged in the manufacture, import and sale of electrical equipment must directly or indirectly join the recycling system, otherwise they will not be able to Obtain permission for electrical production and commercial activities.
In Belgium, the government has mandated that electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers and importers must recycle their products for sale in the Belgian market since 2001. In order to implement this regulation, under the organization of the government department, Belgian manufacturers and importers have established a non-profit electrical product recycling company (Recupel), and Belgian companies or companies pay fees in proportion to their sales by membership, to 2006 More than 90% of related companies have participated in the year. In addition, the Belgian government also put some of the electrical recycling costs into the retail cost, the implementation of clear price tag, such as a refrigerator plus 5 euros recycling processing fee, 1 mobile phone 2 euros, 1 coffee pot 0.5 euros, etc., purchased by consumers Pay when. The electrical product recycling and processing company collects old electrical equipment through cooperation with different agencies, such as regional governments and retailers, and recycles them to the welfare agencies or charitable organizations after they are safely disposed of. The non-use value will be split. And reuse processing. In 2006, the electrical product recycling and recycling company recovered an average of 4,000 tons of old electrical equipment per month. The annual average recycling volume has reached 4.8 kilograms per person, which has significantly exceeded the recycling and recycling targets set by the EU WEEE Directive.
The Netherlands is a country with relatively early regulations on the recycling of used electrical equipment. It is characterized by a clear division of labor and professionalism. The Netherlands has enacted the "White Goods and Brown Appliances Act" before the EU's WEEE decree, which is similar to the EU WEEE Act. In 1999, large-scale home appliances and information products were further included. In 2002, all electrical and electronic products were included in the scope of the law.
Dutch consumers can freely dispose of used electrical equipment through two channels. First, they are exchanged through the retail market, that is, when the new electrical goods are purchased, the old appliances are returned to the retailer at a discount. Such an organization form is a retailer's use of old-for-new business to promote electrical products to leave a selling point; second, the discarded electrical appliances are directly sent to the collection point designated by the city government. In addition, the Dutch government has established three matching recycling agencies for different electrical product categories: household appliance recycling systems, network, telecommunications and office supplies recycling systems, and lighting equipment recycling systems.
The household appliance recycling system is a Dutch metal and electronic product processing organization. It has five independent foundations, which are responsible for five types of electrical appliances, such as white appliances, brown appliances, ventilation equipment, power tools and metal electric products. The government attends the board meeting as a supervisor. As of 2006, there were more than 1,800 manufacturers or importers, which basically covered all the large and small household appliances in the Netherlands. The system usually entrusted the recycling processing fee to an independent financial company for management, while the financial company was monthly. Provide monthly reports to the board of directors. The processing fee for a single appliance ranges from a 1 euro coffee maker to a vacuum cleaner to a 15 euro refrigerator and TV. Many small appliances, such as hair dryers, electric shavers, audio-visual equipment, etc., do not charge processing fees.
The network, telecommunications and office supplies recycling system mainly deals with IT products, office and communication products. It is jointly funded by nearly 200 manufacturers and importers in related industries, and pays for the recovery cost actually incurred by each enterprise in a membership-based manner. The processing costs of different types of products are different, the printer is about 2.75 euros per unit, and the PC is about 15 euros per unit. If the manufacturer handles the old equipment by itself, the fee will be reduced, but the registration and filing procedures are more complicated.
In the German e-waste management system, the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) is the competent authority for electronic waste recycling, which authorizes 28 home appliance manufacturers and three associations to jointly establish an industry non-profit organization EAR Foundation. Responsible for the implementation of neutral financial, information processing, receiving notifications of the extraction of used electrical appliances and supervising the activities of producers. Under the EAR system, the cost of recycling by the manufacturer is: registration fee, fund guarantee fee, transportation fee, processing fee, etc., in addition to the administrative costs of the EAR institution. According to the German Waste Management and Recycling Association (BVSE), the German waste collection system currently has 4,500 public collection points, 30,000 commercial collection points, and collection points from 1,000 manufacturers. The total amount of used electrical appliances collected in the year is about 2 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of 3% to 5%.
In the EU countries, there is no trader who buys electrical appliances in the streets. The residents also generally abide by the recycling regulations, never littering used electrical appliances, and making the recycling work orderly.
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