Street lighting is a symbol of the city's image. It is a window to the city. It has more than 10 hours of working time per day. It is a very important public infrastructure in the city's proposal. The maintenance and management level of the lighting system is the image of the whole city and the level of economic development. The comprehensive embodiment. With the rapid development of the national economy and the accelerating process of urbanization, China's lighting power consumption has increased significantly. In 1992, China's lighting electricity consumption was about 70 billion kWh, accounting for 9.5% of the country's total electricity consumption. The electricity consumption for lighting is about 160 billion kWh, which accounts for about 14% of the country's total electricity consumption. Therefore, the lighting power saving problem is listed as a major power-saving project. The major developed countries and some developing countries such as the United States, Britain, France, and Japan have successively formulated the "Green Lighting" Fund Project launched by the State Economic and Trade Commission in 1996: Zhejiang Education Department Fund (Z006112), requiring lighting and electricity saving. The target is 20%, that is, control lighting power according to the current China's lighting power capacity, can achieve energy savings of about 40 billion degrees per year. With the rapid development and maturity of sensor technology, communication technology, embedded computing technology, with perceptual ability Microsensors with computing power and communication capabilities are beginning to appear worldwide.
Although wireless sensor networks have many advantages, the complexity of networking and the low lifetime of wireless sensor networks make this technology difficult to popularize in the near future. Based on the nRF9E5 system-level RF chip, the paper designs the wireless sensor node and the self-organizing network routing protocol and selects the appropriate MAC layer protocol for the street lamp monitoring system. This system improves the service life of the sensor node and reduces the routing complexity of the network.
2 Sensor Network The sensor network w is a wired or wireless network composed of a set of sensors in AdHoc mode m. The purpose is to cooperatively perceive, collect and process the information of the perceived objects in the geographical area covered by the network and distribute it to the observer. Sensors, perceptual objects, and observers are the three basic elements of a sensor network; wired or wireless networks are the means of communication between sensors, between sensors and observers, used to establish communication paths between sensors and observers; Perceiving, collecting, processing, and distributing sensory information is a basic function of the sensor network. A set of sensors with limited functions to perform large sensing tasks collaboratively is an important feature of sensor networks. Some or all of the nodes in the sensor network can be moved. The topology of the sensor network also dynamically changes as the nodes move. Nodes communicate in AdHoc mode, each node can act as a router, and each node has the ability to dynamically search, locate, and restore connections. A typical sensor network block diagram is shown.
3 hardware-designed system-level RF chip for forming a wireless sensor network node. The block diagram of the sensor node is shown in the figure. Since the network bandwidth provided by the wireless channel is relatively low, the overhead of data communication must be as small as possible. At the same time, in order to reduce the power consumption of the node, the working time of the processor should be minimized to make it sleep as much as possible. According to the needs, the power supply in this system can be 3.3V, the lithium battery of CR2032 is used, the diameter is 20mm, the diameter is 3.2mm, the capacity is 105mAh, the installation is convenient and simple, only need to install a lithium battery socket on the back of the back unit node. Yes, the 105mAh capacity can support about one to two years. The light intensity sensor uses Y5516 type photoresistor, and the temperature sensor selects DS18B20. During the normal working process of the street lamp, the timely detection of voltage and current value is also very important. Under normal working conditions, the voltage and current are within its specific range, but once it is not working properly. It will inevitably reflect the abnormality of the working voltage or working current. It is easy to judge whether the street lamp works normally by monitoring the voltage and current required during the working process of the street lamp.
The monitoring of the voltage only needs to perform a pair of resistors with a fixed resistance. The voltage after the voltage is divided into the AD port of the MCU for ADC sampling can correspond to the actual working voltage; the monitoring of the current is in the circuit. A small fixed resistor is connected in series, and the voltage across the resistor is measured by the AD port of the MCU to correspond to the current flowing through it.
The series resistors that monitor the current are usually called sampling resistors. The sampling resistors are generally made of Constanton resistors. They are usually wound by non-inductive methods. They are widely used in the production of instruments, electronic and industrial equipment. Resistance part. Its main component is copper-nickel alloy-based resistive alloy. Its biggest feature is its low temperature coefficient of resistance. In addition, Constantan resistance has a wide temperature range (below 480C) and has good processing performance. Good welding performance.
4 routing protocol design So far, representative routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks are SPIN, SAR, LEACH and so on. Current routing protocols and algorithms can be broadly classified into no-route phenotypes and routing-based phenotypes. The routing protocol without the routing table is relatively simple. The node only stores the information of the neighboring nodes. The source node and the destination node do not use the routing table to establish the path, but the source node sends the data packet one hop and one hop to find the destination node. The routing protocol based routing table establishes a route between the source node and the destination node through the routing table before data transmission. As far as the timing of route establishment is concerned, the routing protocol based on the routing table can be further divided into active type and response type. Active routing protocols establish routes at the beginning of the network and maintain consistent, up-to-date routing information from each node to the data receiving node. Responsive routing protocols only establish routes when data transmission is required. Active routing protocols based on routing tables can be divided into flat and hierarchical according to network structure. For the small and medium-sized wireless sensor networks, the nodes basically die at the same time. Once the routing table is established, it can be maintained without the maintenance of the entire network. To this end we choose a flat routing table based active routing protocol.
4.1 Control packet data structure (1) Route request packet (RREQ) see Table 1 Table 1 Route request packet format Sid: source node ID number; Did: destination node ID number; Route-Record: route record, from source node to destination The sequence of nodes through which the node passes.
(2) The route reply packet (RREP) is shown in Table 2. Table 2 route reply packet format Date-Route: the route through which the data packet for starting the route request is to be traversed; Reply-Route: the route through which the route reply packet is to be traversed.
(3) Establish routing table command group table 3 Create routing table command packet format Build-Route: Create routing command; Command-id: Create routing command sequence! Number, set by the destination node.
4.2 Route establishment is established by the table, that is, the implementation of the route.
3 Route Maintenance In this network, since the node location is fixed, the routing protocol does not need to be changed once it is established. But as time goes by, some nodes die out as energy runs out. For the purpose of designing the route maintenance algorithm, the research team used the following strategy: periodically counting the number of source nodes communicating with the destination node. If the number of source nodes is less than 80% of the number of network constructions, the destination node will broadcast the re-establish routing table command. . This can effectively reduce the excessive node energy consumed due to frequent route maintenance.
Based on the sensor node self-organizing network, the research team developed a six-node wireless street light control system to verify the feasibility of networking. The streetlight status provides two-part parameter prompt function: one is the information prompt function of the street light “on†and “off†and the detailed data function. This function can be updated automatically. Every time the wireless street light control system software is turned on, the system will automatically initialize. The part of the data is obtained in the process; the second is the detailed parameter function. Click the “Detail†button to pop up the detailed data window. The temperature is the case temperature of the IGBT switching power tube in the street lamp driving circuit, and the voltage and current correspond to the working voltage of the driving circuit. And the circuit, the light intensity is the light intensity corresponding to the measured value of the photoresistor, and its maximum value is infinitely close to 100. At the same time, the upper and lower sides of the street lamp can be directly controlled by the upper computer, the interface is as shown: the wireless sensor network node is arranged behind the monitoring area If the command to establish a routing table from the destination node is received, the source node starts the route establishment process. The source node broadcasts a route request packet RREQ, and the packet format is as shown in Table 1. Looking for the route to the destination node, the node passing along the path inserts its own ID into the route record part of the route request packet. Each time the relay reaches the destination node, the destination node compares the RREQ from the source node and judges Hop number, select a shortest path, send a route reply (RREP) packet along the reverse path to the source node as shown in Table 2. After receiving the RREP, the source node records the route in the road. According to the working characteristics of nRF9E5, the wireless is designed. The sensor network node, and through the improvement of the DSR routing protocol f9 applicable to the Ad-hoc network, realizes urban street lamp monitoring. The hardware circuit of the scheme is simple and easy to debug, and the programming of each node is universal, and has high practical promotion value. But because of NRF9E5-time
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