Operating System (OS) is traditionally the system software responsible for direct control and management of computer hardware. The functions of the operating system generally include processor management, storage management, file management, device management, and job management. When multiple programs are running at the same time, the operating system is responsible for planning to optimize the processing time of each program.
An operating system can be conceptually divided into two parts: the kernel and the shell. A shell program wraps a kernel that communicates directly with the hardware: hardware <-> kernel <-> shell <-> application In some operating systems the kernel is completely separate from the shell (for example, UNIX, Linux, etc.) so that the user can have a Different shells are used on the kernel; other kernels are closely related to the shell (for example, Microsoft Windows), and the kernel and shell are only different in operation level.
Windows 98 is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit graphics operating system that was released on June 25, 1998. This new system is based on Windows 95 and it has improved support for hardware standards such as USB, MMX, and AGP. Other features include support for FAT32 file systems, multi-display, Web TV support, and integration with Windows graphical users. The interface of Internet Explorer is called Active Desktop. Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) was released on June 10, 1999. It includes a series of improvements, such as Internet Explorer 5, Windows Netmeeting 3, Internet Connection Sharing, and support for DVD-ROM. Windows 98 was criticized for not having enough innovation. Even so, it is still a successful product. The second edition was criticized as being unable to freely upgrade on the basis of the first edition.
The minimum system requirements for Windows 98: 486DX/66MHz or higher processor, 16MB of memory, more memory will improve performance; if using FAT16 file system, a typical installation requires 250MB; due to different system settings and options, required The space range is between 225 and 310 trillion; if using the FAT32 file system, a typical installation requires 245 MB; depending on the system settings and options, the required space is between 200 MB and 270 MB; CD−ROM or DVD−ROM Drive and VGA or higher resolution monitor, Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
Windows ME is a 32-bit graphics operating system released by Microsoft Corporation on September 14, 2000. This system was developed based on Windows 95 and Windows 98. It includes related minor improvements, such as Internet Explorer 5.5. The main improvement is for Windows Media Player, which competes with the popular media player RealPlayer. 7. However, Internet Explorer 5.5 and Windows Media Player 7 can be downloaded for free on the Internet. . Movie Maker is a new component in this system. This program provides basic video editing and design features that are easy to learn for home users. However, the most important change is that the system removes DOS and is replaced by system recovery.
Conceptually, this is a big improvement: Advocacy no longer requires the knowledge of mysterious DOS line commands to maintain and repair the system. In fact, removing the DOS function is an obstacle to maintenance, and the system recovery function also brings some troubles: a significant reduction in performance; it is also proved to be incapable of effectively performing some common mistakes. Since the system automatically creates a backup of the previous system state each time, it makes it difficult for non-professionals to implement some urgently needed modifications, even deleting an unwanted program or virus. Some people think that this system is only an upgraded version of Windows 98 and should not be a separate version. There are also views that this is Microsoft's worst since the 3.0 release, the second version of Windows has not been released.
Microsoft Windows 2000 (originally known as WinNT 5.0) is a 32-bit graphical commercial operating system distributed by Microsoft Corporation on December 19, 2000. There are four versions of Windows 2000: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. In addition, Microsoft offers a limited edition of Windows 2000 Advanced Server for running on Intel Itanium 64-bit processors. All versions of Windows 2000 share some new features: NTFS5, the new NTFS file system; EFS, which allows all files on the disk to be encrypted; and WDM, which enhances hardware support.
Minimum System Requirements for Microsoft Windows 2000: 133 MHz or higher Pentium-class compatible CPU, 64MB minimum memory recommended, more memory usually improves system responsiveness [up to 4GB RAM], at least 1GB free disk space The 2GB hard drive (if you are installing over the network, you may need more free disk space), Windows 2000 Professional supports single-CPU and dual-CPU systems.
Windows XP, or Windows XP, is a Windows operating system newly released by Microsoft Corporation. It was released on October 25, 2001. The original name was Whistler. Microsoft originally released two versions, Home and Professional. The Home Edition consumer target is home users, and the Professional Edition adds a new commercial authentication-oriented network authentication, dual processor, and other features to the home version. The letter XP represents the "experience" of English words.
Before XP, Microsoft had two independent operating system series. One was a series of desktop computers represented by Windows 98 and Windows ME, and the other was a server-oriented market represented by Windows 2000 and Windows NT. Windows XP is an attempt by Microsoft to synthesize an operating system for all users, and the price paid for this is the loss of support for DOS-based programs.
Windows XP is based on the Windows 2000 code product, and has a new user graphical interface (called Luna Luna), which includes some minor changes, some of which seem to be from the Linux desktop environment (KDE) Get inspired. The login interface with user graphics is an example. In addition, Windows XP also introduced a "character based" user interface that allows the toolbar to access the specific details of the task. However, critics believe that this task-based design instruction adds visual confusion because it does not add new features beyond providing a simpler toolbar than other operating systems. The cost of additional processes is visible again.
It includes the simplified user security features of Windows 2000 and incorporates firewalls to ensure that security problems have long plagued Microsoft.
Since Microsoft integrated many of the software previously provided by third parties into the operating system, XP received fierce criticism. The software includes firewalls, Windows Media Player, Windows Messenger, and its close integration with Microsoft Pasport Web Services, which are considered by many computer experts as security risks and potential threats to personal privacy. . The increase in these characteristics is considered to be the continuation of Microsoft's continued traditional anti-competitive behavior.
Also strongly criticized is its product activation technology. This allows the host's components to be monitored and a unique reference number added to Microsoft's records before the software can be used permanently (every 30-day activation period). Installing the system on other computers, or simply replacing a piece of hardware, such as a network card, will generate a new and different reference serial number, causing the user to re-enter the installation serial number to activate Windows XP.
Minimum System Requirements for Windows XP: Recommended for computers with a clock rate of 300 MHz or higher; at least 233 MHz (single or dual-processor systems); Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series recommended Or compatible processor, 128 MB RAM or higher recommended (minimum support 64M, may affect performance and some features), 1.5 GB free hard disk space, Super VGA (800x600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitoring Device, CD-ROM or DVD drive, keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
An operating system can be conceptually divided into two parts: the kernel and the shell. A shell program wraps a kernel that communicates directly with the hardware: hardware <-> kernel <-> shell <-> application In some operating systems the kernel is completely separate from the shell (for example, UNIX, Linux, etc.) so that the user can have a Different shells are used on the kernel; other kernels are closely related to the shell (for example, Microsoft Windows), and the kernel and shell are only different in operation level.
Windows 98 is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit graphics operating system that was released on June 25, 1998. This new system is based on Windows 95 and it has improved support for hardware standards such as USB, MMX, and AGP. Other features include support for FAT32 file systems, multi-display, Web TV support, and integration with Windows graphical users. The interface of Internet Explorer is called Active Desktop. Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) was released on June 10, 1999. It includes a series of improvements, such as Internet Explorer 5, Windows Netmeeting 3, Internet Connection Sharing, and support for DVD-ROM. Windows 98 was criticized for not having enough innovation. Even so, it is still a successful product. The second edition was criticized as being unable to freely upgrade on the basis of the first edition.
The minimum system requirements for Windows 98: 486DX/66MHz or higher processor, 16MB of memory, more memory will improve performance; if using FAT16 file system, a typical installation requires 250MB; due to different system settings and options, required The space range is between 225 and 310 trillion; if using the FAT32 file system, a typical installation requires 245 MB; depending on the system settings and options, the required space is between 200 MB and 270 MB; CD−ROM or DVD−ROM Drive and VGA or higher resolution monitor, Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
Windows ME is a 32-bit graphics operating system released by Microsoft Corporation on September 14, 2000. This system was developed based on Windows 95 and Windows 98. It includes related minor improvements, such as Internet Explorer 5.5. The main improvement is for Windows Media Player, which competes with the popular media player RealPlayer. 7. However, Internet Explorer 5.5 and Windows Media Player 7 can be downloaded for free on the Internet. . Movie Maker is a new component in this system. This program provides basic video editing and design features that are easy to learn for home users. However, the most important change is that the system removes DOS and is replaced by system recovery.
Conceptually, this is a big improvement: Advocacy no longer requires the knowledge of mysterious DOS line commands to maintain and repair the system. In fact, removing the DOS function is an obstacle to maintenance, and the system recovery function also brings some troubles: a significant reduction in performance; it is also proved to be incapable of effectively performing some common mistakes. Since the system automatically creates a backup of the previous system state each time, it makes it difficult for non-professionals to implement some urgently needed modifications, even deleting an unwanted program or virus. Some people think that this system is only an upgraded version of Windows 98 and should not be a separate version. There are also views that this is Microsoft's worst since the 3.0 release, the second version of Windows has not been released.
Microsoft Windows 2000 (originally known as WinNT 5.0) is a 32-bit graphical commercial operating system distributed by Microsoft Corporation on December 19, 2000. There are four versions of Windows 2000: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. In addition, Microsoft offers a limited edition of Windows 2000 Advanced Server for running on Intel Itanium 64-bit processors. All versions of Windows 2000 share some new features: NTFS5, the new NTFS file system; EFS, which allows all files on the disk to be encrypted; and WDM, which enhances hardware support.
Minimum System Requirements for Microsoft Windows 2000: 133 MHz or higher Pentium-class compatible CPU, 64MB minimum memory recommended, more memory usually improves system responsiveness [up to 4GB RAM], at least 1GB free disk space The 2GB hard drive (if you are installing over the network, you may need more free disk space), Windows 2000 Professional supports single-CPU and dual-CPU systems.
Windows XP, or Windows XP, is a Windows operating system newly released by Microsoft Corporation. It was released on October 25, 2001. The original name was Whistler. Microsoft originally released two versions, Home and Professional. The Home Edition consumer target is home users, and the Professional Edition adds a new commercial authentication-oriented network authentication, dual processor, and other features to the home version. The letter XP represents the "experience" of English words.
Before XP, Microsoft had two independent operating system series. One was a series of desktop computers represented by Windows 98 and Windows ME, and the other was a server-oriented market represented by Windows 2000 and Windows NT. Windows XP is an attempt by Microsoft to synthesize an operating system for all users, and the price paid for this is the loss of support for DOS-based programs.
Windows XP is based on the Windows 2000 code product, and has a new user graphical interface (called Luna Luna), which includes some minor changes, some of which seem to be from the Linux desktop environment (KDE) Get inspired. The login interface with user graphics is an example. In addition, Windows XP also introduced a "character based" user interface that allows the toolbar to access the specific details of the task. However, critics believe that this task-based design instruction adds visual confusion because it does not add new features beyond providing a simpler toolbar than other operating systems. The cost of additional processes is visible again.
It includes the simplified user security features of Windows 2000 and incorporates firewalls to ensure that security problems have long plagued Microsoft.
Since Microsoft integrated many of the software previously provided by third parties into the operating system, XP received fierce criticism. The software includes firewalls, Windows Media Player, Windows Messenger, and its close integration with Microsoft Pasport Web Services, which are considered by many computer experts as security risks and potential threats to personal privacy. . The increase in these characteristics is considered to be the continuation of Microsoft's continued traditional anti-competitive behavior.
Also strongly criticized is its product activation technology. This allows the host's components to be monitored and a unique reference number added to Microsoft's records before the software can be used permanently (every 30-day activation period). Installing the system on other computers, or simply replacing a piece of hardware, such as a network card, will generate a new and different reference serial number, causing the user to re-enter the installation serial number to activate Windows XP.
Minimum System Requirements for Windows XP: Recommended for computers with a clock rate of 300 MHz or higher; at least 233 MHz (single or dual-processor systems); Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series recommended Or compatible processor, 128 MB RAM or higher recommended (minimum support 64M, may affect performance and some features), 1.5 GB free hard disk space, Super VGA (800x600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitoring Device, CD-ROM or DVD drive, keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.